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Политический подтекст «Волшебника страны Оз»
Автор Лаймен Ф. Баум был сторонником популистов, что входили в Демпартию в конце 19 века. Возглавлял их известный демократ-популист Уильям Дженнингс Брайан, который дважды выставлял свою кандидатуру против действующего президента Маккинли. Несмотря на то, что Баум был сторонником популистов, он не считал Брайана серьезным политиком. Трусливый лев в его сказке – это Брайан. Железный человек олицетворял собой уволенного промышленного рабочего, что ржавел от бездеятельности. Чучело был представителем сельскохозяйственной американской глубинки – обездоленным фермером, который из-за отсутствия мозгов не мог сформулировать свои политические требования к властям и выдвинуть своих лидеров. Злобная ведьма Востока оказалась банками с Восточного побережья, что душили своим золотым стандартом все СаСШ. Популисты выступали тогда за биметаллизм, т.е. за то, чтобы серебро, которого было полно на Среднем Западе, ходило наравне с золотом. Дорога из желтого кирпича – это Золотой стандарт. Серебряные башмачки Элли – это чаемый многими американцами серебряный стандарт, который якобы должен был спасти всех жертв экономической депрессии, что всё жестче охватывала СаСШ с 1870-х годов. Изумрудный город – это Вашингтон, округ Колумбия. Шарлатан, заставляющий всех носить зеленые очки – президент и антипопулист Уияльм Маккинли. Ничего личного против Маккинли Баум не имел – все политики в его представлении были шарлатанами. OZ в названии – это не тюрьма Освальда, а сокращенное написание слова «унция», в которой измерялись драгоценные металлы. Дороти – обычный житель сельскохозяйственного Канзаса и Среднего Запада. Сказка ложь, да в ней намек.
https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/opinion/l-the-wizard-of-oz-unmasked-as-the-president-137590.html
https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/opinion/l-the-wizard-of-oz-unmasked-as-the-president-137590.html
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Проиграв три раза на президентских выборах, Брайан тем не менее помог демократической партии переопределить своё назначение, что привело в итоге к ее доминированию во время FDR.
"When you [turning to the gold delegates] come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course.
We say to you that you have made the definition of a business man too limited in its application. The man who is employed for wages is as much a business man as his employer; the attorney in a country town is as much a business man as the corporation counsel in a great metropolis; the merchant at the cross-roads store is as much a business man as the merchant of New York; the farmer who goes forth in the morning and toils all day--who begins in the spring and toils all summer--and who by the application of brain and muscle to the natural resources of the country creates wealth, is as much a business man as the man who goes upon the board of trade and bets upon the price of grain; the miners who go down a thousand feet into the earth, or climb two thousand feet upon the cliffs, and bring forth from their hiding places the precious metals to be poured into the channels of trade are as much business men as the few financial magnates who, in a back room, corner the money of the world. We come to speak for this broader class of business men.
Ah, my friends, we say not one word against those who live upon the Atlantic coast, but the hardy pioneers who have braved all the dangers of the wilderness, who have made the desert to blossom as the rose--the pioneers away out there [pointing to the West], who rear their children near to Nature's heart, where they can mingle their voices with the voices of the birds--out there where they have erected schoolhouses for the education of their young, churches where they praise their Creator, and cemeteries where rest the ashes of their dead--these people, we say, are as deserving of the consideration of our party as any people in this country. It is for these that we speak. We do not come as aggressors. Our war is not a war of conquest; we are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families, and posterity. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned; we have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded; we have begged, and they have mocked when our calamity came. We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. We defy them.
The gentleman from Wisconsin [Senator Vilas] has said that he fears a Robespierre. My friends, in this land of the free you need not fear that a tyrant will spring up from among the people. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to stand, as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of organized wealth."
https://wwnorton.com/college/history/archive/reader/trial/directory/1890_1914/ch20_cross_of_gold.htm
Подобным образом с треском проигравший на выборах в 1964 Голдуотер помог переопределить назначение республиканской партии. Оставалось зацепиться за его консерватизм и расширить коалицию избирателей.
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В 1912 Тедди Рузвельт расколол республиканцев, выставившись независимым кандидатом, и у демократов появился реальный шанс завоевать президентство. На съезде демократов с большим перевесом лидировал Чэмп Кларк, спикер Конгресса из Миссури. Но число делегатов, голосующих за него, не дотягивало до 2/3, которые требовались по правилам. Когда на десятом голосовании Брайан, все ещё имевший большое влияние в партии, внезапно переметнулся к Вильсону, обвинив Кларка в том, что тот продался нью-йоркским банкирам, это переломило ход голосования, и делегаты стали перетекать от Кларка к Вильсону. Но понадобилось ещё 36 голосований, чтобы выявить Вильсона в качестве победителя.
Кларк не простил Брайану предательства и ложных обвинений. Злые языки говорили, что Брайан пытался создать патовую ситуацию, для выхода из которой номинировали бы его самого. Сам он обьяснял, что добивался выдвижения прогрессивного кандидата, чтобы не дать Рузвельту победить на прогрессивной платформе. В любом случае для сторонников Вильсона он стал героем съезда. Отказавшись от поста вице-президента, согласился на госсекретаря.
Здесь неплохое описание:
Clark, received 440¼ votes on the first ballot to 324 for Wilson. Governor Harmon received 148 votes while Congressman Underwood received 117¼ with the rest of the votes scattered among others. No candidate managed to gain a majority until the ninth ballot, when the New York delegation shifted its allegiance to Clark. But because of the two-thirds rule then used by the Democratic Party, Clark was never able to secure the nomination as he failed to get the necessary two-thirds vote for victory.
Clark hoped that once he received a majority of the votes, it would start a bandwagon rolling to the nomination, as had occurred in previous contests. Clark's chances were sunk when Tammany Hall, the powerful and corrupt Democratic political machine in New York City, threw its support behind him. Although this gave Clark a majority on the ninth ballot, it turned out to be the kiss of death. Instead of propelling Clark's bandwagon towards victory, the endorsement led William Jennings Bryan to turn against the Speaker of the House. A three-time Democratic presidential candidate and still the leader of the party's liberals, Bryan delivered a speech denouncing Clark as the candidate of "Wall Street". Up until the Tammany endorsement, Bryan had remained neutral, but once this political machine put itself behind Clark, Bryan threw his support to New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson, who was regarded as a moderate reformer.
Wilson had consistently finished second to Clark on each ballot, Ironically, Wilson had nearly given up hope that he could be nominated, and he was on the verge of having a concession speech read for him at the convention freeing his delegates to vote for someone else. Bryan's endorsement of Wilson influenced many other delegates, and Wilson gradually gained in strength while Clark's support dwindled. Wilson received the nomination on the 46th ballot. The 46 ballots were the most cast at a convention since 1860.
https://potus-geeks.livejournal.com/1156984.html
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Како
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Какой интересный съезд DNC. Я-то думал, что интересней 1944 года, когда номинировали Трумэна на пост вице-президента, съезда не было.
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Но ничто не сравнится со страстями в 1920ых. На съезде 1924 патовая ситуация возникла между поддержанным Куклукскланом зятем Вильсона и Алом Смитом, католическим губернатором Нью-Йорка и сторонником отмены сухого закона. Потребовалось больше 100 голосований, чтобы номинировать в конце концов третьего кандидата.
Al Smith's name was placed into nomination by Franklin D. Roosevelt, in his first appearance at the Democratic National Convention since he contracted polio. This was a significant event in Roosevelt's political career. He would be elected Governor of New York four years later and President eight years later.
On the first day of balloting (June 30) the predicted deadlock between McAdoo and Smith occurred, with the remaining delegates divided mainly between local "favorite sons". McAdoo and Smith both made small gains in the day's fifteen ballots, but the winning candidate needed to secure 2/3 of the ballots and it looked like neither candidate could rise to this level. On the tenth ballot, Kansas abandoned its favorite son candidate Governor Jonathan M. Davis and threw all of its votes to McAdoo. This was offset when New Jersey made did the same thing, but for Smith.
As time passed, the factions became more desperate. McAdoo supporter Daniel C. Roper went to Franklin Roosevelt to offer Smith second place on a McAdoo ticket. Smith backers attempted to give a false impression of momentum by packing the galleries with noisy local rooters. But the rudeness of Tammany Hall members, who booed when William Jennings Bryan addressed the convention, seemed to backfire on Smith. McAdoo supporters introduced a motion to eliminate one candidate on each ballot until only five remained, but the motion was defeated. Smith suggested that all delegates be released from their pledges. McAdoo agreed on condition that the two-thirds rule be eliminated. Neither proposal was accepted.
It appeared for a time that Indiana Senator Samuel Ralston would be an acceptable compromise candidate. On July 8, the eighty-seventh ballot showed a total for Ralston of 93 votes, chiefly from Indiana and Missouri; before the day was over, the Ralston total had risen to almost 200. Ralston was unsure on whether or not to run. His doctor recommended against it. He was 66 years old, over 300 pounds, and in addition to his own poor health, his wife and son also had serious medical issues. He ultimately decided not to run, and he would pass away the following year.
The stubbornness of the two leading candidates forced the convention to the one hundred and third ballot. Smith and McAdoo finally withdrew after accepting that neither would win the nomination and that the ongoing turmoil was crippling the party's chances in the upcoming election. John W. Davis was agreed upon as a compromise candidate. Davis had served as a United States Representative from West Virginia from 1911 to 1913, and then as Solicitor General of the United States and US Ambassador to the UK under President Woodrow Wilson. For Vice-President, the Democrats nominated Charles W. Bryan, governor of Nebraska, and also the brother of William Jennings Bryan.
https://potus-geeks.livejournal.com/1155603.html
Брайан, младшего брата которого номинировали в вице-президенты, все ещё сохранял вес в партии и добился включения в ее программу пункта о безусловной поддержке сухого закона.
William Jennings Bryan won his first skirmish for an out and out prohibition enforcement plank yesterday when as a member of the Florida delegation and during its caucus at the Madison Square Hotel he succeeded in quashing a resolution, proposed by former Governor Albert Gilchrist of Florida, advocating the adoption of a strong plank for the enforcement of law without specific reference to prohibition.
https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/24/archives/bryan-wins-clash-on-dry-plank-form-florida-delegation-votes-against.html
Ал Смит нарастил вес и в 1928 выиграл номинацию на первом голосовании. Предсказуемо проиграв на основных выборах, он привлёк в лагерь демократов растущее иммигрантское население. В 1932 его переехал трактор Рузвельта, хотя и не без усилий https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/03/how-franklin-roosevelt-won-the-contested-1932-convention-and-the-white-house.html
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To reduce their accent Australians pronounce Australia as “Oz. straylia” or the land of “Oz” a pun refering to the land in movie “The Wizard Of Oz”. This is because Australia was often refered to as “the lucky country”.
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