Британско-французская федерация
Dec. 13th, 2024 10:09 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
lafeberЗабытый эпизод Второй мировой войны. В период 1938-1940 британцы разрабатывали проект создания единого федеративного государства из Британии и Франции. «Федеральный Союз». С единой обороной, финансами, торговлей. Учитывая, что оба государства были империями, то речь шла об объединении двух громоздких «Содружеств» с конфликтующими валютными и картельными контурами. Почти прото-ЕС. Участники федерального движения те же, что 8 лет спустя – Монне и Спинелли. Разногласий и подозрений между британцами и французами было много, но они всё равно пытались сотрудничать изо всех сил.
В марте 1940 в Форин Оффис уже рассматривался проект «Закона о Вечной Ассоциации» авторства Тойнби, и шла речь о создании временного межминистерского Комитета.
16 июня 1940 за несколько часов до французской капитуляции Черчилль сделал французам предложение о «неразрывном союзе». Британия хотела, чтобы Франция продолжала войну и сохранила волю к сопротивлению. Это была отчаянная попытка Черчилля переломить пораженческие настроения у своего союзника в ключевой момент. Британское предложение не было рассмотрено французским правительством. Вейган и Петен решили сдаться.
Этот проект чем-то напоминает Ливонскую войну. Московия дважды почти выиграла ту войну, разгромив сперва Ливонию, а затем вступившуюся за нее Речь Посполитую. Но когда в конфликт вмешалась Швеция, то фортуна перестала улыбаться Ивану Грозному. В результате на балтийских берегах Швеция создала свою «балтийскую федерацию».
Не нарисовать англичанам французскую лилию снова на своем гербе.
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/britain-and-the-first-attempt-to-build-a-european-union/
В марте 1940 в Форин Оффис уже рассматривался проект «Закона о Вечной Ассоциации» авторства Тойнби, и шла речь о создании временного межминистерского Комитета.
16 июня 1940 за несколько часов до французской капитуляции Черчилль сделал французам предложение о «неразрывном союзе». Британия хотела, чтобы Франция продолжала войну и сохранила волю к сопротивлению. Это была отчаянная попытка Черчилля переломить пораженческие настроения у своего союзника в ключевой момент. Британское предложение не было рассмотрено французским правительством. Вейган и Петен решили сдаться.
Этот проект чем-то напоминает Ливонскую войну. Московия дважды почти выиграла ту войну, разгромив сперва Ливонию, а затем вступившуюся за нее Речь Посполитую. Но когда в конфликт вмешалась Швеция, то фортуна перестала улыбаться Ивану Грозному. В результате на балтийских берегах Швеция создала свою «балтийскую федерацию».
Не нарисовать англичанам французскую лилию снова на своем гербе.
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/britain-and-the-first-attempt-to-build-a-european-union/
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Date: 2024-12-13 10:05 am (UTC)"The two governments declare that France and Great Britain shall no longer be two nations, but one Franco-British Union.
The constitution of the Union will provide for joint organs of defence, foreign, financial, and economic policies.
Every citizen of France will enjoy immediately citizenship of Great Britain; every British subject will become a citizen of France."
Ключевую роль сыграл генерал Де Голль, который приехал в Лондон и убедил Черчилля пойти на радикальный шаг, чтобы убедить французское правительство не подписывать капитуляцию и продолжить войну в Африке. Черчилль был настроен скептически, но решил рискнуть и предложил Рейно немедленно встретиться для обсуждения деталей Союза. Его главной заботой была в это время попытка убедить Францию вывести весь свой флот в Англию.
Черчилль так описывает заседание правительства, после которого Рейно ушел в отставку и передал власть Петену:
The final scene in the Reynaud Cabinet was as follows.
The hopes which M. Reynaud had founded upon the Declaration of Union were soon dispelled. Rarely has so generous a proposal encountered such a hostile reception. The Premier read the document twice to the Council. He declared himself strongly for it, and added that he was arranging a meeting with me for the next day to discuss the details. But the agitated Ministers, some famous, some nobodies, torn by division and under the terrible hammer of defeat, were staggered. Some, we are told, had heard about it by a tapping of telephones. These were the defeatists. Most were wholly unprepared to receive such far-reaching themes. The overwhelming feeling of the Council was to reject the whole plan. Surprise and mistrust dominated the majority, and even the most friendly and resolute were baffled. The Council had met expecting to receive the answer to the French request, on which they had all agreed, that Britain should release France from her obligations of March 28, in order that the French might ask the Germans what their terms of armistice would be. It is possible, even probable, that if our formal answer had been laid before them, the majority would have accepted our primary condition about sending their Fleet to Britain, or at least would have made some other suitable proposal and thus have freed them to open negotiations with the enemy, while reserving to themselves a final option of retirement to Africa if the German conditions were too severe. But now there was a classic example of “Order, counter-order, disorder.”
Paul Reynaud was quite unable to overcome the unfavourable impression which the proposal of Anglo-French Union created. The defeatist section, led by Marshal Pétain, refused even to examine it. Violent charges were made. “It was a last-minute plan,” “a surprise,” “a scheme to put France in tutelage, or to carry off her colonial empire.” It relegated France, so they said, to the position of a Dominion. Others complained that not even equality of status was offered to the French, because Frenchmen were to receive only the citizenship of the British Empire instead of that of Great Britain, while the British were to be citizens of France. This suggestion is contradicted by the text.
Beyond these came other arguments. Weygand had convinced Pétain without much difficulty that England was lost. High French military authorities – perhaps Weygand himself – had advised: “In three weeks England will have her neck wrung like a chicken.” To make a union with Great Britain was, according to Pétain, “fusion with a corpse.” Ybarnegaray, who had been so stout in the previous war, exclaimed: “Better be a Nazi province. At least we know what that means.” Senator Reibel, a personal friend of General Weygand’s, declared that this scheme meant complete destruction for France, and anyhow definite subordination to England. In vain did Reynaud reply: “I prefer to collaborate with my allies rather than with my enemies.” And Mandel: “Would you rather be a German district than a British Dominion?” But all was in vain.
We are assured that Reynaud’s statement of our proposal was never put to a vote in the Council. It collapsed of itself. This was a personal and fatal reverse for the struggling Premier which marked the end of his influence and authority upon the Council. All further discussion turned upon the armistice, and asking the Germans what terms they would give, and in this M. Chautemps was cool and steadfast. Our two telegrams about the Fleet were never presented to the Council. The demand that it should be sailed to British ports as a prelude to the negotiations with the Germans was never considered by the Reynaud Cabinet, which was now in complete decomposition. Here again there was no vote. At about eight o’clock Reynaud, utterly exhausted by the physical and mental strain to which he had for so many days been subjected, sent his resignation to the President, and advised him to send for Marshal Pétain. This action must be judged precipitate. He still seems to have cherished the hope that he could keep his rendezvous with me the next day, and spoke of this to General Spears. “Tomorrow there will be another Government, and you will no longer speak for anyone,” said Spears.
https://erenow.org/ww/their-finest-hour/10.php
no subject
Date: 2024-12-14 05:48 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2024-12-14 04:26 pm (UTC)Черчилль упоминал про Союз в знаменитой речи про "finest hour" 18 июня 1940:
"The House will have read the historic declaration in which, at the desire of many Frenchmen-and of our own hearts-we have proclaimed our willingness at the darkest hour in French history to conclude a union of common citizenship in this struggle. However matters may go in France or with the French Government, or other French Governments, we in this Island and in the British Empire will never lose our sense of comradeship with the French people. If we are now called upon to endure what they have been suffering, we shall emulate their courage, and if final victory rewards our toils they shall share the gains, aye, and freedom shall be restored to all. We abate nothing of our just demands; not one jot or tittle do we recede. Czechs, Poles, Norwegians, Dutch, Belgians have joined their causes to our own. All these shall be restored.
What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science."
https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/their-finest-hour/
Рейно умолял Рузвельта дать гарантии вступления США в войну, чтобы включить французам свет в конце тоннеля. Но тот объяснял, что объявление войны - прерогатива Конгресса.
Телеграмма Рузвельта 13 июня:
"Your message of June 10 has moved me very deeply. As I have already stated to you and to Mr. Churchill, this Government is doing everything in its power to make available to the Allied Governments the material they so urgently require, and our efforts to do still more are being redoubled. This is so because of our faith in and our support of the ideals for which the Allies are fighting.
The magnificent resistance of the French and British Armies has profoundly impressed the American people.
I am, personally, particularly impressed by your declaration that France will continue to fight on behalf of Democracy, even if it means slow withdrawal, even to North Africa and the Atlantic. It is most important to remember that the French and British Fleets continue [in] mastery of the Atlantic and other oceans; also to remember that vital materials from the outside world are necessary to maintain all armies.
I am also greatly heartened by what Prime Minister Churchill said a few days ago about the continued resistance of the British Empire, and that determination would seem to apply equally to the great French Empire all over the world. Naval power in world affairs still carries the lessons of history, as Admiral Darlan well knows."
Черчилль умолял Рузвельта опубликовать эту телеграмму, чтобы изменить ход истории:
"Mr. President, I must tell you that it seems to me absolutely vital that this message should be published tomorrow, June 14, in order that it may play the decisive part in turning the course of world history. It will I am sure decide the French to deny Hitler a patched-up peace with France. He needs this peace in order to destroy us and take a long step forward to world mastery. All the far-reaching plans, strategic, economic, political and moral, which your message expounds may be stillborn if the French cut out now. Therefore I urge that the message should be published now."
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1940v01/d213
Но Рузвельт отказался. Он вел свою игру, потому что был вынужден думать о президентских выборах.
22 июня правительство Петена капитулирует, подписывая Компьенское перемирие.
23 июня Де Голль из Лондона объявляет о создании Comité national français.
24 июня в Филадельфии открывается съезд республиканской партии.
Падение Франции внесло сумятицу в ряды республиканцев. Изоляционисты (Тафт, Ванденберг) не могут набрать достаточно голосов, и после шести туров голосования побеждает никому неизвестный интернационалист Уилки. Победа Рузвельта на выборах обеспечена.
no subject
Date: 2024-12-15 03:51 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2024-12-15 09:32 am (UTC)При этом у него в Америке были ресурсы, которым позавидовали бы сегодняшние диктаторы - 24 члена Конгресса, включая влиятельных сенаторов, были проплаченными агентами влияния.
Isolationists in Congress recited talking points drawn up by the German Foreign Office in Berlin, vilifying Franklin D. Roosevelt and urging the United States to stay out of the war. One senator, Ernest Lundeen of Minnesota, had a Nazi agent as a speechwriter.
Another senator, Montana’s Burton Wheeler, lent his congressional frank — a facsimile signature that allowed mail to be sent free of charge — to groups aligned with, and financed by, Germany. He was hardly alone, Maddow explains. As a federal prosecutor later revealed, at least two dozen members of Congress lent their franks to the German cause. In this way, more than three million pieces of Nazi propaganda ended up at American homes, businesses, schools and in the hands of active-duty soldiers. “Our strategy,” Hitler had said in 1933, “is to destroy the enemy from within.” Clearly, he had a good deal of help.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/books/review/prequel-rachel-maddow-democracy-awakening-heather-cox-richardson.html
no subject
Date: 2024-12-16 04:18 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2024-12-16 10:53 am (UTC)In 1946, Mr. Rogge conducted an investigation in Germany to gather evidence for a trial of pro-Nazis in the United States. He uncovered what he said was evidence linking American fascists to the Nazi Government.
In a report submitted to Tom Clark, the Attorney General, Mr. Rogge said that 24 Congressmen either collaborated with or were used by a Nazi agent. The report was not released, and Mr. Rogge was dismissed from the Justice Department when he disclosed details of it in speeches. Mr. Clark said the disclosures of the report violated department policy.
https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/23/opinion/o-john-rogge-77-anti-nazi-activist.html
Maddow: Rogge said he had been told before he left for Germany, that upon his return, the Justice Department would make his report public as an official document.
But that is not at all what happened.
When Rogge turned in his report, the Attorney General then brought it to the White House and shared it directly with President Harry Truman.
Hart: Truman essentially decrees that this report should never see the light of day. It is simply too explosive. He orders this report to be classified as secret and essentially forbids Rogge from ever publishing or ever even discussing the contents of what I would argue is perhaps the most explosive political report of the 20th century.
Maddow: The Attorney General -- future Supreme Court Justice Tom Clark -- and President Harry Truman had the report sealed. They buried it.
https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc-podcast/rachel-maddow-presents-ultra/transcript-ultra-vires-n1300885
no subject
Date: 2024-12-16 06:15 pm (UTC)Я смотрю, что автор его издал в 1961 году. Всего 15 лет прошло. Интересно, как ему удалось отменить гриф секретности Трумэна. Обычно там минимум 30 лет.
Трумэн - лояльный. Не предал Пендергаста, не выдворил Вогана, не уволил Ачесона под нажимом маккартистов и вот теперь защитил проштрафившихся конгрессменов.
no subject
Date: 2024-12-13 02:00 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2024-12-14 05:50 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2024-12-15 12:42 pm (UTC)Ivan Krastev
elpais.com/opinion/2024-12-15/europa-ante-el-nuevo-desorden-internacional.html
Иван Крастев. Тернии «нормальности»: конец эпохи имитации // Демонтаж коммунизма: 30 лет спустя / под ред. К. Рогова. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2021. С. 46—65.
no subject
Date: 2025-03-06 08:45 am (UTC)Los números del Ejecutivo europeo encierran un mensaje solapado: el nuevo número mágico de inversión en Seguridad y Defensa es del 3,5% del PIB, porque la presidenta de la Comisión, Ursula von der Leyen, ha dicho que la UE en su conjunto ya ha alcanzado el compromiso firmado con la Alianza Atlántica.
elpais.com/internacional/2025-03-06/los-paises-de-la-ue-buscan-ya-vias-para-financiar-el-rearme-ante-la-amenaza-rusa.html
no subject
Date: 2025-03-16 06:48 am (UTC)**
el sector militar. En 2023, los miembros europeos de la OTAN gastaron unos 375.000 millones de dólares, según datos del Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones para la Paz de Estocolmo, una cifra que supera la de China, triplica la de Rusia
En los 27 Estados miembros de la UE, se operan 12 tipos de carros de combate principales, en comparación con uno en Estados Unidos; 16 vehículos de combate de infantería, frente a tres en EE UU; 12 tipos de obuses autopropulsados, uno en EE UU; 14 aviones de combate diferentes (cinco en EE UU); cuatro helicópteros de ataque frente a dos en EE UU; 25 destructores y fragatas (dos en EE UU); diez submarinos convencionales y cinco nucleares (cuatro en EE UU). La fragmentación también se nota en los sistemas heredados,
ambas partes usan munición de calibre 155, pero que no ha resultado intercambiable por leves diferencias de producción.
Letonia reintrodujo el servicio militar obligatorio en 2023, con planes de extenderlo a las mujeres para 2028. Croacia anunció la reintroducción del servicio militar obligatorio a partir de 2025,
El nuevo modelo de fuerza de la OTAN pretende desplegar 100.000 efectivos en diez días, 300.000 en un plazo de diez a treinta días
No tenemos nada parecido a StarLink
Una veintena de países europeos se han agrupado en la European Sky Shield Initiative
elpais.com/internacional/2025-03-16/las-grietas-de-la-defensa-europea-por-que-la-capacidad-disuasoria-frente-a-rusia-es-limitada.html
no subject
Date: 2025-05-19 06:49 am (UTC)y con alta probabilidad bendecirá el acceso de las empresas británicas a mecanismos como el SAFE, el fondo de 150.000 millones de euros lanzado por la Comisión para la adquisición de armamento.
elpais.com/internacional/2025-05-19/defensa-comercio-y-movilidad-juvenil-la-cumbre-bilateral-post-brexit-del-reino-unido-y-la-ue-persigue-avances-concretos.html