lafeber: george kennan (Default)
[personal profile] lafeber
В мае 1972 Никсон и Брежнев, значит, подписали ОСВ-1. Договор известный как «Временное соглашение об ограничении стратегических вооружений», или SALT-1. Он установил потолки для межконтинентальных ракет (МБР), но не охватил баллистические ракеты средней дальности (БРСД). Киссинджеру также не удалось ограничить или запретить РГЧ ИН (MIRV), и он чуть было не забыл обсудить баллистические ракеты, запускаемые с подводных лодок (SLBM) – финальный текст пришлось дорабатывать с учетом SLBM. Если три эти категории (БРСД, MIRV и SLBM) можно отнести к недосмотру и даже ошибкам (как он сам позднее признался) со стороны помощника президента, то две другие (стратегические бомбардировщики и ядерные силы передового базирования, FBS) были опущены специально, так как по ним у США имелось преимущество три к одному.

Учитывая всё выше сказанное, ОСВ-1 получился очень куцым документом [не даром его назвали Interim], который подарил сторонам и всему миру очень мало. Да, ограничили МБР (СССР – 1618, США - 1054) и SLBM (СССР – 950, США - 656). Но не смогли запретить разделяющиеся боеголовки, хотя такая возможность была. У США РГЧ ИН уже имелись, и СССР отставал в этой области лет на пять. «Не додумал я чутка в 1969» - каялся Киссинджер, не сумевший предотвратить новую гонку вооружений в боеголовках. А СССР, можно утверждать, обвел США вокруг пальца, получив сперва более высокие потолки по МБР и SBLM (чтобы компенсировать американские MIRV), а затем внедрив свежие РГЧ ИН в свою ядерную Триаду.

Но самое неприятное произошло с проигнорированными БРСД. ОСВ-1 подразумевал, что модернизировать ракеты допустимо. Старые МБР выводились из строя, на их место заступали новые. Благодаря ОСВ-1 СССР убрал SS-9 и SS-11 и ввел в строй новые SS-17, SS-18 и SS-19, на которые навесил РГЧ ИН. Пока всё в пределах соглашения, но Западе уже начали тревожиться, как бы достигнутый паритет не сломался, поэтому в рамках переговорного процесса ОСВ-2 стороны уже начинали морально готовиться к ограничению пусковых установок (а не только ракет) и MIRV-ракет. Это было в 1975-76 годах при Джеральде Форде. Психология ядерного баланса была хрупкой вещью, которую было очень легко расстроить в головах переговорщиках. И тут СССР, обновив свои МБР, решил по инерции модернизировать свои БРСД, представив в войсках новую мобильную SS-20 с РГЧ ИН, которую при желании можно было переместить в Центральную Европу для балансирования натовских FBS (тактическое оружие и немного устаревшие БРСД). Этот шаг стал той гирей, что качнула весы атомной паранойи уже в американскую сторону, и США приступили к разработке новых МБР (MX и Минитменов). До кризиса «евроракет» оставалось 7 лет.

Что весь этот процесс, запущенный ОСВ-1, принес СССР? Мы знаем про реформы генштабиста Огаркова, который в период 1974-1981 пришел к выводу о том, что во время боевых действий в Европе можно избежать использования ядерного оружия. Огаркова поддержали Устинов и Гречко. Огарков называл это альтернативным путем, или «стратегической наступательной операцией на всю глубину театра военных действий обычными средствами». Это дорогостоящий вариант, который очень походит на американскую СНБ-68 1950 года, зато гибкий, который перемолотит миллион солдат и сбросит миллион тонн ТНТ на мирных жителей, но спасет всех от взаимного атомного уничтожения (MAD). Получается так, что Огаркову не нужны были эти новые SS-20 в войсках, но советские Совет Министров СССР и ВПК ему их навязали в той же самой манере как до этого ВПК навязал ракетным войскам три новых, но абсолютно разных МБР (SS-17,18 и 19), каждая из которых требовала отдельной неунифицированной инфраструктуры, переобучения персонала и повышенные затраты на содержание. Доктрина Огаркова не остановила ракетные заказы ВПК и легла на советский бюджет дополнительным бременем (наращивание обычных вооружений бралось не из воздуха). В результате мы имеем Огаркова с ненужными ему ракетами SS-20, до ограничений которых дипломаты еще не доросли, но которые создавали нам нарастающие проблемы в период 1976-1983.


William Burr and David Alan Rosenberg // Cambridge Cold War History, Volume II, p. 108.

Date: 2020-06-19 01:00 pm (UTC)
tijd: (Default)
From: [personal profile] tijd


Интересно, насколько провалы в ядерных переговорах способствовали приходу Рейгана в 1980. Договор SALT-2 был подписан Картером, но не ратифицирован Сенатом. По опросам Картер и Рейган шли нос к носу. Судьба выборов решилась дебатами в Кливленде за неделю до выборов, которые смотрели 120 миллионов телезрителей. На этих дебатах Картер говорил, что контроль ядерных вооружений - самый главный вопрос, но звучал неубедительно.

THE PRESIDENT. Governor Reagan is making some very misleading and disturbing statements. He not only advocates the scrapping of this treaty — and I don't know that these men that he quotes are against the treaty in its final form — but he also advocates the possibility-he said it's been a missing element-of playing a trump card against the Soviet Union of a nuclear arms race and insisting upon nuclear superiority by our own Nation as a predication for negotiation in the future with the Soviet Union.
If President Brezhnev said, "We will scrap this treaty, negotiated under three American presidents over a 7-year period of time; we insist upon nuclear superiority as a basis for future negotiations; and we believe that the launching of a nuclear arms race is a good basis for future negotiations," it's obvious that I, as President, and all Americans would reject such a proposition. This would mean the resumption of a very dangerous nuclear arms race.
It would be very disturbing to American people. It would change the basic tone and commitment that our Nation has experienced ever since the Second World War, with all Presidents, Democratic and Republican, and would also be very disturbing to our allies, all of whom support this nuclear arms treaty. In addition to that, the adversarial relationship between ourselves and the Soviet Union would undoubtedly deteriorate very rapidly.
This attitude is extremely dangerous and belligerent in its tone, although it's said with a quiet voice.
MR. SMITH. Governor Reagan?
GOVERNOR REAGAN. I know the President's supposed to be replying to me, but sometimes, I have a hard time in connecting what he's saying with what I have said or what my positions are. I sometimes think he's like the witch doctor that gets mad when a good doctor comes along with a cure that'll work.
My point I have made already, Mr. President, with regard to negotiating. It does not call for nuclear superiority on the part of the United States; it calls for a mutual reduction of these weapons, as I say, that neither of us can represent a threat to the other. And to suggest that the SALT II treaty that your negotiators negotiated was just a continuation, and based on all of the preceding efforts by two previous Presidents, is just not true. It was a new negotiation, because, as I say, President Ford was within about 10 percent of having a solution that could be acceptable. And I think our allies would be very happy to go along with a fair and verifiable SALT agreement.
MR. SMITH. President Carter, you have the last word on this question.
THE PRESIDENT. I think, to close out this discussion, it would be better to put into perspective what we're talking about.
I had a discussion with my daughter, Amy, the other day, before I came here, to ask her what the most important issue was. She said she thought nuclear weaponry and the control of nuclear arms.
This is a formidable force. Some of these weapons have 10 megatons of explosion. If you put 50 tons of TNT in each one of railroad cars, you would have a trainload of TNT stretching across this Nation. That's one major war explosion in a warhead. We have thousands, equivalent of megaton, or million tons, of TNT warheads. The control of these weapons is the single major responsibility of a President, and to cast out this commitment of all Presidents, because of some slight technicalities that can be corrected, is a very dangerous approach.

https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-debate-cleveland

Date: 2020-06-20 12:47 pm (UTC)
tijd: (Default)
From: [personal profile] tijd
группа конгрессменов

Группа энтузиастов со стороны. Многие из них, включая демократов, позже получили посты в администрации Рейгана.

The Committee on the Present Danger, which was formed five years ago to press for a strong posture against the Soviet Union, has placed 32 of its 182 members in the Reagan Administration thus far. Some of them helped develop the ideas that led to President Reagan's speech last week offering arms-control proposals to the Soviet Union.
The best-known and most influential of the former committee members is, of course, Ronald Reagan. But alumni of the committee are sprinkled throughout the highest levels of the Government, amounting to a virtual takeover of the nation's national security apparatus.
One alumnus, Richard V. Allen, is Mr. Reagan's national security adviser. Another, William J. Casey, is Director of Central Intelligence. A third, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, is the United States representative at the United Nations. Yet another, John F. Lehman, is Secretary of the Navy.

https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/23/us/group-goes-from-exile-to-influence.html

Семидесятидвухлетний Ницше

Было знаменитое противостояние двух Полов, бывших коллег по Пентагону времён Вьетнамской войны. Когда Картер назначил одного из них главным переговорщиком по ОСВ, другой подкосил его во время утверждения в Сенате. После этого набрать 2/3 голосов для ратификации договора стало сложнее.

It was during the war in Vietnam, when Mr. Warnke was assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs, the No.3 position in the Pentagon, that he came to work closely with Paul Nitze, a leading strategic defense specialist and an adviser to Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt. Mr. Nitze, another Washington mandarin, then had the No. 2 job at Defense as deputy secretary to Mr.Clifford. Originally, colleagues and friends, the pair became known in Washington as the two Pauls, with the designation taking on a more dramatic connotation over the years as their views on disarmament and arms control diverged into polar opposites. Mr.Warnke came to represent the quintessential dove and Mr. Nitze, the consummate hawk. <...>
Mr. Warnke repeatedly expressed his conviction that in a bipolar world of overkill and megatons, the development of new weapons of mass destruction made a galloping arms race would make the prospect of nuclear war more likely. While the hawks argued for increased military budgets to maintain nuclear supremacy over the Soviets, he contended that devoting so much of the country's resources to arms would neither strengthen defense nor increase the nation's security or welfare. In opposition to the hawks, he insisted that nuclear weapons of mass destruction had no strategic value beyond the maintainance of a balance of deterrence and that this balance had already been established. By his reckoning, larger stockpiles and newer varieties of nuclear weapons provided no real advantage since the Soviet Union's smaller nuclear armories were still sufficient to inflict destruction on a scale that any sane leadership would have to avoid.
Real security, he contended, was obtainable only by stimulating a process of reciprocal restraint through negotiations with Moscow. In the spring of 1975, he provoked many hawks with an article in Foreign Policy, whose very title, "Apes on a Treadmill," ridiculed the American -Soviet competition in warheads and missiles.
In his article, Mr. Warnke cited the success that President Kennedy had in 1963 when he declared a unilateral moratorium on atmospheric nuclear testing and challenged the Soviets to follow suit. Mr. Warnke then suggested that the United States notify the Soviet Union that it was ordering a six- month hold on the development of the Trident submarine and the B-1 bomber in order to provoke "reciprocal restraint." He insisted that such a gesture would represent no risk to national security. "We can be first off the treadmill," he declared, "That's the only victory the arms race has to offer."
The hawks responded with scorn. They insisted that what was needed were not gestures of accommodation but greater toughness. They defended the buildup and diversification of nuclear arms both as priorities of national defense and as strategies needed to thwart Soviet attempts at political intimidation in many parts of the world. Some experts, amon gthem Mr. Nitze and Albert Wohlstetter, the academic patron of the hardliners, felt that the United States had long underestimated Soviet designs for future offensive deployments. The idea that the economic costs of the arms race could seriously strain and profoundly weaken the Soviet Union and its Communist system were not propounded until some years later.
In 1977 President Carter nominated Mr. Warnke to head the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, which was established by President Kennedy to prepare and manage American participation in international negotiations for the arms control, and to serve as chief negotiator with the Soviets in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). Mr. Warnke's nomination to both posts sailed through through the Democratic-controlled Senate Foreign Relations Committee routinely enough. But then hawkish members of the Senate Armed Services Committee from both parties decided to hold their own hearings in the hope of raising opposition to Mr.Warnke's confirmation.
Senate proponents of increased military spending, among them Henry Jackson of Washington, Sam Nunn of Georgia and Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York, all Democrats, joined with the Barry Goldwater, the Arizona Republican, in questioning Mr. Warnke's views, his resolve and his credibility as a negotiator. Mr. Warnke's critics cited his Foreign Policy article. maintaining that he favored "unilaterial arms reduction" and that he was too soft on the Russians.
The exchanges reached their most confrontational moment when Mr. Nitze testified against his old friend's appointment as chief arms negotiator. He called Mr. Warnke's positions "demonstrably unsound," "assinine," and "a screwball, arbitarary, fictitious kind of viewpoint that is not going to help the security of the country."
Senator Thomas McIntyre of New Hampshire, one of Mr.Warnke's Democratic supporters on the committee, asked whether Mr. Nitze was impugning Mr.Warnke's character as an American citizen.
"If you force me to, I do," Mr. Nitze replied.
"Do you think you are a better American than he is?" asked the senator.
"I really do," answered Mr.Nitze.
The assault did not succeed in blocking the nomination, but with 40 Senators voting against Mr. Warnke's confirmation as arms negotiator in the full Senate, he and the Administration had been mauled. For the 20 months that Mr. Warnke served in the two posts, his critics in Congress, notably Senator Jackson, continued to echo objections that his views on arms control were simplistic and that the opposition of so many senators had crippled his effectiveness in dealing with the Soviets.

https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/31/obituaries/paul-c-warnke-johnson-pentagon-official-who-questioned-vietnam.html

Брежнев неожиданно позволил 50,000 евреям

Возможно, таким образом пытались задобрить сенатора Джексона, автора поправки Джексона-Вэника и противника ОСВ-2. Но у других сенаторов были свои соображения. Лидер республиканцев Говард Бейкер планировал стать кандидатом в президенты на выборах 1980 и не спешил с ратификацией, чтобы разыграть этот вопрос во время избирательной кампании.

Как известно из протоколов заседаний Политбюро ЦК КПСС, опубликованных Владимиром Буковским, советские лидеры в это время прекрасно понимали, что вторжение в Афганистан покончит с разрядкой. Интересно, что изменилось в их соображениях, чтобы решиться на этот шаг.

В октябре 1979 Картер отчаянно призывал к ратификации:

“The rejection of SALT would seriously compromise our Nation’s peace and security.
Of course we have disagreements with the Soviets. Of course we have conflicts with them. If we did not have these disagreements and conflicts, we would not need a treaty to reduce the possibility of nuclear war between us.
If SALT II is rejected, these disagreements and conflicts could take on a new and ominous dimension. Against the background of an uncontrolled nuclear arms race, every confrontation or dispute would carry the seeds of a nuclear confrontation.
In addition, SALT II is crucial to American leadership and to the further strengthening of the Western Alliance. Obviously, a secure Europe is vital to our own security. The leaders of our European Allies support SALT II—unanimously. We’ve talked to a number of those [Page 663]leaders in the last few days. I must tell you tonight that if the Senate fails to approve the SALT treaty, these leaders and their countries would be confused and deeply alarmed. If our allies should lose confidence in our ability to negotiate successfully for the control of nuclear weapons, then our effort to build a stronger and more united NATO could fail.
I know that for Members of Congress this is a troubling and a difficult issue, in a troubling and difficult time. But the Senate has a tradition of being the greatest deliberative body in the world, and the whole world is watching the Senate today. I’m confident that all Senators will perform their high responsibilities as the national interest requires.
Politics and nuclear arsenals do not mix. We must not play politics with the security of the United States. We must not play politics with the survival of the human race. We must not play politics with SALT II. It is much too important for that—too vital to our country, to our allies, and to the cause of peace.”
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v01/d129

После Афганистана он отозвал договор из Сената.

Profile

lafeber: george kennan (Default)
lafeber

June 2026

S M T W T F S
  1234 56
7 8910 11 12 13
14 151617181920
21222324252627
282930    

Page Summary

Style Credit

Expand Cut Tags

No cut tags
Page generated Jun. 16th, 2026 01:10 am
Powered by Dreamwidth Studios