Американское зерно, 1980
Jan. 22nd, 2021 09:07 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
lafeberЧитаю очередную обзорную работу по Холодной войне. Владислав Зубок, «Неудавшаяся империя от Сталина до Горбачева». Дошел до вторжения в Афганистан. Автор пишет, что Картер, желая наказать СССР, наложил эмбарго на выгодный американским фермерам экспорт зерна в Советский Союз. Я подумал, что это ошибочные данные, так как у меня в голове отложилось то, что экспорт зерна в СССР никогда не останавливался, и наказывались лишь советские сателлиты. Но Википедия подтверждает, что Зубок прав: в 1980 году Картер ввел эмбарго, СССР переключился на аргентинское зерно, недовольные американские фермеры стали устраивать демонстрации против Картера и его Департамента сельского хозяйства, что стало одной из причин поражения Картера на выборах 1980 года и что объясняет, почему Рейган отменил это эмбарго в 1981 году. В том же году Рейган введет эмбарго на поставки зерна в Польшу из-за введенного там военного положения, но СССР своими санкциями не затронет.
Из новостей вспоминается, что Трамп устроил «торговую войну» с КНР. В частности, упоминается недавний наезд на Хуавей и внесение в санкционный список ряд китайских хайтек-предприятий, предположительно связанных с китайскими военными. Посмотрим, будет ли новый президент Байден отменять некоторые из тех трамповских санкций как ошибочные.
Из новостей вспоминается, что Трамп устроил «торговую войну» с КНР. В частности, упоминается недавний наезд на Хуавей и внесение в санкционный список ряд китайских хайтек-предприятий, предположительно связанных с китайскими военными. Посмотрим, будет ли новый президент Байден отменять некоторые из тех трамповских санкций как ошибочные.
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Date: 2021-01-22 05:38 pm (UTC)Сообщение перед выборами:
U.S. President Donald Trump is assuring a bumper year for farmers as the Nov. 3 election approaches, with record government subsidies projected to make up more than a third of farm income in 2020.
The aid programs could be key to Trump’s chances of success in swing states such as Wisconsin, Ohio, Iowa and Minnesota. Such states are hotly contested because their population can swing either to Republicans or Democrats and play a decisive role in presidential elections. Farmers favored the Republican president by a wide margin in the 2016 election.
Trump has banked on that support to endure through trade wars that his administration fought with key U.S. commercial partners since he took office. Reprisals from China and other trade partners to Trump’s tariffs on imports led to the loss of billions of dollars in U.S. agricultural exports.
Government payments, ranging from longstanding crop insurance payments to new programs compensating farmers for lost sales during the U.S.-China trade war, have risen every year of Trump’s presidency.
Farmers also say they have suffered from Trump’s policy of exempting some oil refiners from requirements to blend ethanol into their fuel, which has reduced demand for corn used to make the biofuel.
Democratic challenger Joe Biden and his running mate, U.S. Senator Kamala Harris, have seized on the biofuel issue and pledged a more multilateral approach to international trade, but for many farmers the subsidies are reason enough to vote for Trump again.
https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-farmers-aid/trumps-payments-to-farmers-hit-all-time-high-ahead-of-election-idUKL1N2GT1C8
Рейган в 1982:
"In the spring of 1981, I lifted the grain embargo imposed by the previous administration, because it was not having the desired effect of seriously penalizing the U.S.S.R. for its brutal invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. Instead, alternative suppliers of this widely available commodity stepped in to make up for the grain which would have been normally supplied by U.S. farmers. These developments substantially undercut the tremendous sacrifices of our farmers, and I vowed at that time not to impose a grain embargo unilaterally unless it was part of a general cutoff of trade between the United States and the Soviet Union.
I renew that pledge to American farmers today. American farmers can be assured that they will continue to have a fair opportunity to export grain to the U.S.S.R. on a cash basis. Other suppliers, who sometimes criticize our grain sales, also supply grain to the Soviet Union. Grain sales have little impact on Soviet military and industrial capabilities. They absorb hard currency earnings and feed the people of the Soviet Union, who are suffering most from the disastrous economic policies of the Soviet Government."
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-extension-the-united-states-soviet-union-grain-sales-agreement
Рейган пытался накладывать санкции на поставки оборудования для газопровода Уренгой-Помары-Ужгород, но это не имело нужного эффекта, потому что европейские страны отказались их поддержать. Вместе с тем эмбарго на поставки американских компьютеров оказалось достаточно разрушительным, хотя и там находились обходные пути через третьи страны.
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Date: 2021-01-23 04:37 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2021-01-23 06:22 pm (UTC)STEPHANOPOULOS: Would you repeal the tariffs?
BUTTIGIEG: I would have a strategy that would include the tariffs as leverage, but it's not about the tariffs. Look, what's going on right now is a president who has reduced the entire China challenge into a question of tariffs, when what we know is that the tariffs are coming down on us more than anybody else and there's a lack of a bigger strategy.
STEPHANOPOULOS: Senator Klobuchar, you've actually supported the tariffs on steel.
KLOBUCHAR: What we've got right now, though, George, it's not a focused tariff on steel. What he has done here, he has assessed these tariffs on our allies. He has put us in the middle of this trade war and he is treating our farmers and our workers like poker chips in one of his bankrupt casinos. And if we are not careful, he is going to bankrupt this country.
One forecast recently says that it has already cost us 300,000 jobs, all right? There is soybeans that are mounting up in bins all over the Midwest, in my state of Minnesota and in Iowa.
So what I think we need to do is to go back to the negotiating table — that's what I would do. I wouldn't have put all these tariffs in place. And I wouldn't have had a trade policy where on August 1st he announces he's going to have tariffs on $300 billion of goods, on August 13th, he cuts it in half, a week later, he says he's going to reduce taxes, the day after that, he says he's going to do it.
The leaders of the world are watching this, and it undermines our strength as a nation. And, yes, we want fair trade, but we must work with the rest of the world. And he has made a mockery of focused trade policy, which I think means enforcement, like we've done in northern Minnesota, passing bills, getting President Obama to do more on that, so that our workers can benefit, so we are importing, exporting goods and making sure that it's a competitive policy where our goal is that we are making things, inventing things, and exporting to the world. He is defeating that goal.
Но Клобушар действительно не заостряла на этом внимание. Фермеры Миннесоты и соседних штатов от политики Трампа кое-что выиграли - в том числе за счёт нового торгового договора с Канадой и Мексикой (USMCA), который открывал канадский рынок для американских молочных продуктов и индейки.
Minnesota is the number one state for turkey production in the nation and two of the top five markets for distribution are Mexico and Canada. The key change established in the USMCA allows U.S. producers to export at least 3.5 percent of Canada’s turkey production from the previous year, significantly expanding the northern country’s intake of U.S. poultry.
Minnesota is also one of the top ten milk producers in the nation. With dairy, Canada will end a dairy pricing class system that has intentionally limited specific kinds of U.S. dairy exports into the country. The news is concerning to dairy farmers in Canada, who say they’re already strained, but positive for dairy farmers in Minnesota.
“This is a much-needed step as we continue to work on trade with countries all over the world,” Minnesota Farm Bureau President Kevin Paap told the Mankato Free Press. “I think this shows Congress can get those agreements done on a bipartisan basis.”
https://www.minnpost.com/national/2019/12/why-minnesota-agricultural-interests-are-lauding-the-new-usmca-trade-deal/
Трамп победил в фермерских районах (в том числе тех, где на выборах в Сенат в 2018 выиграла Клобушар), но сильно проиграл в городах и пригородах.
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Date: 2021-01-24 03:42 am (UTC)