Гадания на газетной гуще (1939)

[lafeber]

Историки всё еще пытаются прояснить, что творилось в голове у Сталина-Молотова весной-летом 1939 года. На сей раз анализируют сталинский вклад в газетные статьи мая 1939. Какая-то печатная движуха началась 10-11 мая, и изучение ее позволяет историкам высказывать мнение, что «острая критика политики западных держав на страницах советских газет неплохо ориентировала немецких дипломатов, военное и политическое руководство нацистского рейха относительно перспектив соглашения между СССР и западными державами».

По ссылке вы найдете свежую статью из журнала «Российская история», 2019. № 6. Автор - Владимир Невежин.
https://paul-atrydes.livejournal.com/223773.html


CITATION: В публикации [от 11 мая] утверждалось, что Советский Союз не имел пакта о взаимопомощи с Францией. Между тем ещё действовал франко-советский договор от 1935

Набрали с улицы по объявлению. :)

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[tijd]

Вклад Рузвельта в дело беженцев был в организации Эвианской конференции в июле 1938. В это время Гитлер давал понять, что собирается очистить Германию (и Австрию) от евреев, но готов их выслать в любую страну, которая согласится их принять. Ко всеобщему позору таких стран не нашлось. Чтобы слишком не светиться, Рузвельт послал на конференцию специального представителя (Майрона Тейлора) вместо официальных лиц.

Following the Anschluss, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called for an international conference that would discuss the plight of refugees seeking to flee Nazi Germany and establish an international organization to work for an overall solution to the refugee problem. In early July 1938, delegates from 32 countries and a number of non-governmental aid organizations met at the French resort of Evian on Lake Geneva. Roosevelt chose Myron C. Taylor, a businessman and close friend, to represent the United States at the conference.
During the nine-day meeting, delegate after delegate rose to express sympathy for the refugees. But most countries, including the United States and Great Britain, offered excuses for not letting in more refugees. Only the Dominican Republic agreed to accept additional refugees. This offer came as President Rafael Trujillo sought both to rehabilitate his reputation following his government's massacre of Black Haitians in 1937 and to bring white wealth into his country. Commenting on the Evian Conference, the German government gleefully noted how "astounding" it was that foreign countries criticized Germany for its treatment of the Jews, yet none of them opened their doors.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/emigration-and-the-evian-conference

В 1939 Элеонора Рузвельт публично поддержала законопроект Вагнера-Роджерса о временном увеличении иммиграционной квоты для приема детей-беженцев. Но в обстановке того времени законопроект был обречён и не дошёл до голосования.

On February 9, 1939, Democratic senator Robert Wagner of New York and Republican congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts sponsored identical bills in the US Senate and House of Representatives to admit 20,000 German refugee children under the age of fourteen over a two-year period. The bills, written by Pickett and his interfaith colleagues, specified that 10,000 children each fiscal year (1939 and 1940) would enter the United States and not be counted against the existing immigration quota laws. Although the bill did not indicate that the “German refugee children” would mostly be Jewish children, the realities of the refugee crisis in Europe made this an obvious and understood fact. The bill specified that when the refugee children reached the age of eighteen, they would either be counted against that year’s German immigration quota or would return to Europe.
The Wagner-Rogers Bill’s authors tried to anticipate and address criticism by enlisting powerful allies. The American Federation of Labor supported the bill, claiming that the children would not add to the nation’s existing unemployment problem. The Children’s Bureau, an agency within the US Department of Labor, agreed to supervise the placement and care of the children. The Non-Sectarian Committee for German Refugee Children, headed by Pickett, promised that the children would be supported with private donations.
For the first time in her six years as first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt allowed reporters to directly quote her in support of pending legislation. Referring to the ongoing Kindertransports, which brought German refugee children to Great Britain and western Europe, the First Lady said: “England, France, and the Scandinavian countries are taking their share of these children and I think we should.” She also referred to the bill as a “wise way to do a humanitarian act.” Despite Mrs. Roosevelt’s urging, President Roosevelt never publicly commented on the Wagner-Rogers Bill.
The leaders of American Jewish organizations rarely lobbied for the bill publicly, perhaps because they were concerned that any attempt to prioritize aid for Jewish refugee children might spark increased antisemitism in the United States. Senator Wagner and Congresswoman Rogers, neither of whom were Jewish, emphasized that their bill would admit both German Jewish and Christian children, but opponents quickly branded the legislation as an effort to help Jewish refugee children primarily.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/wagner-rogers-bill

Изменению общественного мнения в США в 1940 способствовала сеть британских «агентов влияния», которые действовали под молчаливым покровительством Рузвельта. Те же люди (в частности канадец Уильям Стивенсон) помогли созданию OSS, предшественника ЦРУ.

Churchill's task, as he himself saw it, was clear: somehow, in some way, the great mass of the population of the US had to be persuaded that it was in their interests to join the war in Europe, that to sit on the sidelines was in some way un-American. And so British Security Coordination came into being.
BSC was set up by a Canadian entrepreneur called William Stephenson, working on behalf of the British Secret Intelligence Services (SIS). An office was opened in the Rockefeller Centre in Manhattan with the discreet compliance of Roosevelt and J Edgar Hoover of the FBI. But nobody on the American side of the fence knew what BSC's full agenda was nor, indeed, what would be the massive scale of its operations. What eventually occurred as 1940 became 1941 was that BSC became a huge secret agency of nationwide news manipulation and black propaganda. Pro-British and anti-German stories were planted in American newspapers and broadcast on American radio stations, and simultaneously a campaign of harassment and denigration was set in motion against those organisations perceived to be pro-Nazi or virulently isolationist (such as the notoriously anti-British America First Committee - it had more than a million paid-up members).
Stephenson called his methods "political warfare", but the remarkable fact about BSC was that no one had ever tried to achieve such a level of "spin", as we would call it today, on such a vast and pervasive scale in another country. The aim was to change the minds of an entire population: to make the people of America think that joining the war in Europe was a "good thing" and thereby free Roosevelt to act without fear of censure from Congress or at the polls in an election.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/19/military.secondworldwar

Голливуд тоже подключился - Майер упоминает фильм “Mrs. Miniver” про жизнь английской домохозяйки, разрушенную войной. Его начали снимать осенью 1940, а выпустили в 1942. Фильм получил шесть Оскаров и, по словам Черчиля, стоил пяти линкоров.

A scene near the end – in which a vicar delivers a sermon in a bombed-out church – was rewritten by Wyler and Henry Wilcoxon, the actor playing the vicar, the night before it was filmed. President Roosevelt requested that it be translated into several languages and air-dropped over German-occupied territory; it was also reprinted in Time and Look magazines.
The ultimate endorsement came from an unlikely source. Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels wrote that Mrs Miniver “shows the destiny of a family during the current war, and its refined powerful propagandistic tendency has up to now only been dreamed of. There is not a single angry word spoken against Germany; nevertheless the anti-German tendency is perfectly accomplished.”
https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150209-the-film-that-goebbels-feared

Церковная проповедь из фильма:

“It is the war of the people, of all the people. And it must be fought not only on the battlefield, but in the cities and in the villages, in the factories and on the farms, in the home and in the heart of every man, woman, and child who loves freedom. Well, we have buried our dead, but we shall not forget them. Instead, they will inspire us with an unbreakable determination to free ourselves, and those who come after us, from the tyranny and terror that threaten to strike us down. This is the People's War. It is our war. We are the fighters. Fight it, then! Fight it with all that is in us! And may God defend the right.”
https://youtu.be/0VmIIpLCw6g

[lafeber]

Интересно, спасибо.